Electricity

Electricity is a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles like electrons and protons. The flow of electric charge is known as an electric current.

Electricity is one of the most fundamental forces in our universe and powers much of our modern world. From the lightning in the sky to the devices in our homes, electricity is everywhere.

Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter. There are two types of electric charges:

• Positive charge: Protons carry a positive charge
• Negative charge: Electrons carry a negative charge

Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract. This is the basic principle behind many electrical phenomena.

The unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C). One coulomb is approximately equal to 6.24 × 10¹⁸ elementary charges (the charge of a proton or electron).

Electric current is the flow of electric charge. In most circuits, the charge carriers are electrons, which have a negative charge.

Current is measured in amperes (A). One ampere represents one coulomb of charge passing through a point in one second.

The formula for current is:

I = Q/t

Where:

• I is the current in amperes (A)
• Q is the charge in coulombs (C)
• t is the time in seconds (s)

Voltage, also called electric potential difference, is the "pressure" that pushes electric charges through a circuit.

Voltage is measured in volts (V). One volt is defined as the energy of one joule consumed when electric charge of one coulomb passes through an electric potential difference of one volt.

The formula for voltage is:

V = W/Q

Where:

• V is the voltage in volts (V)
• W is the work or energy in joules (J)
• Q is the charge in coulombs (C)

Resistance is a measure of how much a material opposes the flow of electric current.

Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). One ohm is defined as the resistance that allows one ampere of current to flow when one volt of voltage is applied.

The formula for resistance is given by Ohm's Law:

R = V/I

Where:

• R is the resistance in ohms (Ω)
• V is the voltage in volts (V)
• I is the current in amperes (A)